Seasonal Changes in the Nutrient Concentrations of Leaves and Leaf Litter in a Young Cryptomeria japonica Stand

The leaves and leaf litter of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don was collected from April 1994 to March 1995 to describe the seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations in leaves and leaf litter. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations were in the order new leaves > old leaves > leaf litter, whereas calcium (Ca) concentration was in the order leaf litter > old leaves > new leaves during the whole year. N, P and K concentrations were at their highest during the new leaf growth phase, and then decreased as a result of the diluting effect and translocation, whereas Ca increased with time. Magnesium did not show any clear seasonal trend compared with other nutrients. N resorption efficiency was lower than P resorption efficiency. There were two nutrient resorption peaks, which could be attributed to high nutrient translocation to new leaves in the spring and to translocation from old leaves before senescence in the autumn. A significant correlation between N and P resorption was observed.     

Seasonal Variations in Physicochemical and Textural Properties of North Atlantic Cod (Gadus morh.ua) Mince

Abstract

Seasonal variations in physicochemical and textural properties of minced cod muscle from Icelandic coastal areas were evaluated. Measurements were performed on mince from the white muscle. Compared to the winter and summer values, hardness and cohesiveness, as measured by Instron, showed a drop in March to May and another drop was observed for cohesiveness during the autumn months. Expressible moisture changed slightly from March to August whereas results from the winter months indicate greater fluctuations. A minimum was observed for protein solubility in March and July. The surface hydrophobicity of proteins, increased gradually from November to May followed by a sudden drop, then a gradual increase again.     

Determinants of parr size variations within a population of brown trout Salmo trutta L.

Abstract – The size of 2-month old trout Salmo trutta parr differed between sites and between years along the River Esva catchment (Asturias, northwestern Spain). Such variation was in a direction opposite to the variation observed in parental size. Parr were smaller in sites where parents grew faster, whereas larger parr occurred in sites where parents grew less. Parr size of six cohorts (1990–1996, except 1995) at 14 sites along the River Esva was inversely related to the growth rate and length of parents and positively related to canopy, egg size, and water temperature. The latter acted similarly on all parr independently of egg size and the site where the egg originated. Covariation patterns among parr size, parental traits, and canopy suggest that a canopy-regulated, growth-determined trade-off between egg size and number, previously described for the Esva trout, also extends to alevin size. In forested, shaded sites, adult trout grew less and spawned fewer larger eggs that resulted in larger alevins, whereas in fully insolated, production-rich sites, trout grew faster and spawned higher numbers of smaller eggs that produced smaller parr. I hypothesize that the phenotypic plasticity illustrated by the environmentally induced trade-off between egg size and number further extended to alevin size may be evolutionarily advantageous because it relates the size of trout alevins to food availability, as predicted by the growth previously experienced by parents. ^NOTE     

高黎贡山百花岭瓢虫群落结构及多样性研究Ⅱ——物种多样性的季节变化趋势

[目的]初步探明季节变化对高黎贡山百花岭瓢虫群落多样性的影响。[方法]2008年4月至2009年2月对高黎贡山百花岭瓢虫群落物种多样性的季节变化规律进行了研究。[结果]2008年4～6月瓢虫物种多样性逐渐上升,6、9月达到高峰,10月以后逐渐下降。气温和降雨量差异较小的月份瓢虫群落相似性较高。[结论]为进一步研究瓢虫多样性提供了理论依据。     

修剪高度对季节性温度变化下早熟禾生理生态特性的影响

修剪高度的差异会影响冷季型草坪草的生长,探究合理的修剪高度可为草坪草可持续利用提供理论基础。本研究通过测定两年生长季（2012年和2013年）草地早熟禾（8年生）草坪的外观质量（TQ）、地上部分生物量（AB）、光合作用（Pn）、总呼吸作用（R_total）和碳水化合物（TNC）等指标,探讨了修剪高度对冷季型草坪草生理生态特性的影响。试验结果表明,当大气温度高于23~24℃时,不同修剪高度7.6 cm （高修剪高度,HM）和3.8 cm （低修剪高度,LM）下的早熟禾TQ、AB和Pn均降低,与HM相比,在LM下下降更显著。在7—9月的高温条件下,早熟禾地上部分、根系和土壤R高于Pn;但在美国新泽西州较冷的季节（5—6月） Pn高于R。研究表明,较低的修剪高度尤其是在高温条件下降低了草坪草Pn,季节性温度变化下可以通过改变修剪高度影响成熟草坪草的生长,从而缓解高温对草坪生长带来的不利影响。     

A bioenergetics model of the entire life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback,gasterosteus aculeatus

A whole life‐cycle bioenergetic model based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory was proposed for the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To develop this model, experiments on growth and reproduction were performed: adult and juvenile growth, size at first reproduction and amount of eggs spawned by females were monitored under different feeding levels and temperatures. The DEB parameters were estimated, using Bayesian statistics, based on the data produced during these experiments and on other data found in the literature. The model fitted accurately the different data used for the calibration process and, in addition, predicted accurately the data sets used to assess its predictability. Our bioenergetic model of the whole life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback accounting for environmental variations could contribute in many ways to improved ecological assessment: supporting change of scale from individual to populations; developing new biomarkers of exposure and effect; analysing ecotoxicity tests with biology‐based models.     

锡林河流域1981-2016年干湿变化及其与温度的关系

为了探清锡林河流域历年干湿变化情况,利用锡林河流域1981-2016年共36年的降水与气温的逐月数据,在全年尺度和季节尺度上分析了36年来的降水与气温的时间变化,并计算了各月不同时间尺度（SPI1,SPI3,SPI6,SPI12）下的标准化降水指数,分析了气温与SPI的相关性、不同时间尺度SPI的敏感性和干湿事件的年际变化,根据逐月SPI序列,在牧草生育期内分离出不同月份的逐年序列来分析了生育期内SPI的变化情况。结果表明:（1）多年来年降水量的整体变化趋势极不明显,降水量年内分配不均匀,夏季占总降水量的一半还多;气温的年际变化比较显著且呈上升的趋势。（2）随着时间尺度的增加,SPI序列上升趋势减弱、波动频率减小、旱涝的起止时间延后。在各等级干湿事件发生频次来看,重涝、中涝、重旱与中旱事件表现出了明显的年际变化,而轻涝与轻旱事件每年均有发生,年际变化不明显。（3）生育期内5月、6月、10月SPI序列呈现出上升的趋势,而7月、8月、9月则呈现出下降趋势,说明春末夏初更为湿润,夏季整体偏旱,进入秋季则呈现出由涝变旱的趋势变化。（4）干湿事件与5月份和12月份的气温呈现出的是正相关关系,其他各月呈现出的均为负相关关系,且1月、6月、7月、8月、11月呈现出极显著的负相关关系。     

赤水河赤水市江段鱼类群落结构季节变化特征

根据2012年2月—2013年1月赤水河赤水市江段逐月渔获物调查数据,对该江段鱼类群落结构的季节变化特征进行了研究。调查期间共采集鱼类41种,隶属于3目7科38属。唇(Hemibarbus labeo)、蛇(Saurogobio dabryi)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、银(Squalidus argentatus)、大鳍鳠(Mystus macropterus)、中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、粗唇(Leiocassis crassilabris)、吻(Rhinogobio typus)和鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)为该江段的重要优势种,它们的百分比相对重要性指数(IRI%)均在2%以上。聚类分析和排序分析显示,赤水市江段鱼类群落结构季节变化显著,在50%的相似性水平上,鱼类群落可以划分为两个群组,其中群组Ⅰ包括4个冬季月份(2012年2月、3月、12月和2013年1月),而群组Ⅱ包括其它8个非冬季月份。对于群落季节差异贡献率较大的种类依次为唇、瓦氏黄颡鱼、蛇、大鳍鳠、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、中华倒刺鲃、鲫(Carassius auratus)、粗唇、银、吻、鳜、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和切尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrus truncates),其中唇、蛇、鲤、鲫、吻和草鱼在冬季月份的相对丰度明显高于非冬季月份,而瓦氏黄颡鱼、大鳍鳠、中华倒刺鲃、粗唇、银、鳜和切尾拟鲿的相对丰度以非冬季月份为高。典型对应分析(CCA)显示,水温和溶氧量是影响该江段鱼类群落结构季节变化的主要环境因子。     

3种彩色叶玉簪光合日变化

采用CIRAS-2光合测定仪测定3种彩叶玉簪的光合参数.光响应曲线应用叶子飘新模型进行拟合并求得光饱和点、光补偿点.结果表明:3种玉簪的光合速率均呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00时和16:00时,且第1峰值大于第2峰值,均有明显的光合“午休”现象,这主要是受非气孔限制因素影响;其光饱和点、光补偿点分别在776.24 ～...     

兴国灰鹅季节性繁殖控制技术研究初报

针对兴国灰鹅存在明显的季节性繁殖特性,采用短光照控制技术,解决了其在自然条件下5～8月份不产蛋的问题,兴国灰鹅的产蛋数显著提高。